answer:The correct answer is Charles Darwin. Robert Heilbroner appeals to Charles Darwin in urging us to work for the long-range survival of humanity. He believes that Darwin's theory of evolution provides the understanding that human beings are a part of the natural evolutionary process and that we have a responsibility to ensure the continuation of the human species.

answer:False. Heilbroner does not believe that religious convictions or humanistic concerns should have more weight than logic or rational argument when considering obligations to future generations. In his writings, Heilbroner emphasizes the importance of rationality and logical thinking in ethical decision-making. He argues that we have rational grounds for caring about future people and that intergenerational justice requires us to consider the long-term consequences of our actions. Therefore, he prioritizes logical and rational arguments over religious or humanistic concerns in addressing issues related to obligations to future generations.

answer:The correct answer is "we should allow special privileges in some countries to certain people as long as they preserve our resources for future inheritance and use." Garrett Hardin does not argue for allowing special privileges in some countries for certain people as long as they preserve resources for future inheritance and use. In his essay "Who Cares for Posterity?", he criticizes the idea of privileging certain individuals or countries at the expense of others. Hardin argues that we have obligations to future generations, and he highlights the importance of rationality and ethical considerations in addressing issues related to sustainability and the well-being of future generations. He also discusses the limitations of rationality but does not advocate for unequal privileges based on resource preservation.

answer:True. Garrett Hardin believes that for prosperous societies, posterity is served by modifying existing institutions, including instilling a sense of history through education. In his essay "Who Cares for Posterity?", Hardin argues that education plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' understanding of their obligations to future generations. He believes that by modifying existing institutions, such as educational systems, societies can instill a sense of history and promote an awareness of intergenerational responsibilities among their members, thus serving the interests of posterity.